Pros and Cons of Using a Plus-Minus Grading System Essay

Student and Faculty Views of Plus-Minus Grading Systems Working Paper Series—07-11 | December 2007 Jim Morgan (928) 523-7385 James.morgan@nau.edu Gary Tallman Robert Williams All professors at: Northern Arizona University The W. A. Franke College of Business PO Box 15066 Flagstaff, AZ 86011.5066 Student and Faculty Views of Plus-Minus Grading Systems Introduction Many colleges and universities have adopted or are considering adopting a grading system that provides a larger number of marking choices than the A through F whole-letter system. This usually takes the form of a plus-minus (+/-) grading system in one version or another. While a variety of reasons have been put forth for the move to +/- grades, a key motivation†¦show more content†¦Note that about one third of the schools continue to use whole-letter only grading systems. Among public schools, 30 of 71 (42.5 percent) use only whole-letter grading. Plus-minus grading systems are clearly the most prevalent type of grading system among this group of schools. To clarify the notation used below, the A+ to C+ system would use the grades A+, A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C , D, F, while an A+ to D- system would use A+, A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C, C-, D+, D, D-, F and so on. The plus or minus typically raises (lowers) the grade by .3 or .33 grade points. As the table indicates, ma ny schools 1 do not allow pluses and minuses across their full range of grades. The grade of A+ creates the possibility of a GPA greater than 4.0 and, probably for this reason; only 9 of the 60 schools with a +/- system include an A+. Four of the 9 schools using the A+ resolve the GPA problem by recording the A+ as a 4.0 when calculating GPAs, so that the A+ becomes just a notation on individual course grades. Schools also differ with respect to the bottom of the +/- range. 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Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 2143 Words

Jane Austen is an expert at juxtaposing romance and wit. Her novels are highly prized not only for their irony, humor, and depiction of English country life, but also for their underlying serious qualities. Austen’s plots highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. With each page, Austen is able to illustrate the absurdity of society in 19th century England through the entertaining individuals that she creates. It is easy to read a Jane Austen novel and label her characters as shallow and conceited, or shy and tenderhearted. But it is more complex than that. What really differentiates a heroine from a villainess? In many of Jane Austen’s stories, characters from different books share similar traits. However, in Mansfield Park and Pride and Prejudice, it is not the heroines that share comparable qualities. 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Company Constitution S134 and S135 Company Internal Management Rule

Question: Prepare a company constitution s134 and s135 company internal management rule. Answer: 1. Introduction: Company constitution is a manually formed document of rules and regulations for a particular company. The company constitution specifies and provides a set of pre-planned rules for the owner, managers, workers and the shareholders of the company. The constitution of the company should be prepared after the registration under the government of theta country. According to Boros and Duns (2010), the government will allow the person or group of persons to form their company after having the trade license. After starting the business activity, the company should provide tax to the government in half-yearly or yearly basis. The constitution of the company combines the each stakeholder of the company to the objectives and the ultimate goal of the company. 1.2. Requirement of constitution: A company should have its own constitution. If a company does not have a constitution, then the company will be presiding over by the Companies Act 1993. In United Kingdom, the first company Act was generated in 1844 and that was Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. The constitution of the company will specify the rights, powers and duties of the stakeholders. All the middle and lower level managers and workers will need to follow the constitution of the company. Along with them, the board of directors of the company will need to follow the constitution. In the words of Goode (2011), the constitution of the company will make the company as a separate entity. The companies those not having their own constitutions will be considered as formal group of companies. Therefore, the constitution is required for the successful running of the business along with the sharing profitability among the shareholders. Following a constitution, the internal organisational structure will set in a systematic manner. A systematic work structure of the company will develop the framework of the company so that the business activities will not be considered as illegal. 1.3. Components of constitution: According to the new Companies Act 2006, the constitution of the company should contain different components, like name of the company, aims and objectives of the company, Powers of the stakeholders, membership rules, management committee, officers, meetings, finance and dissolution of the constitution. Along with these, the constitution will need to have the necessary sections of Companies Act 2006. Some of the important and necessary sections are as follows: Section 1: Section 1 declared that every newly formed company should be registered under the company act and UK government. Along with this, the company will have to maintain and fulfil all the responsibilities towards the company, customers, suppliers and the society (Kohn et al. 2004). Section 113: This section explains that every company should keep a register of its members. In the register book the members name and the necessary information should be recorded. The register will also contain the name of the shareholders and the respective numbers of the shares. In case of joint shareholders, the register will need to state each name of the joint stockholder. Section 116: According to Daly (2011), this section has the rights of the register members of the company for inspection. The members have the rights for inspecting the register of the company and the details of the financial statements of the company along with the profitability structure and profitability of shares. Section 117: This section explains the responses to request for inspection in register of members. The members can request directly to the company or through the court. If the application goes through the court to the company, a notification should be send to the person of the request. Section 147: Laws (2010), through this section, the members have the right to enjoy the information about the company. After receiving request from the members, the company should send the necessary documents regarding the information to the members address. If the company becomes unable to send through postal address, in that case the company needs to provide that information via email of the members. Section 172: According to the section, the director of the company should act in a profitable way that the company and the stakeholders of the company will be benefitted. According to the section, the company needs to maintain good relationship with the customers, suppliers and other members of the company. The company should conduct a profitable business activity to maintain the reputation of the business enterprise. Section 43: The section provides explanation about the contracts between the companies. Under the section, the contract can be made between the companies or the persons who have authority on the behalf of the company (Camacho, 2012). 1.4. Effects of constitution: The constitution of the company provides a great effect on the business enterprise as well as the members of the company. The constitution binds the each stakeholder of the company towards the goal and the objectives of the business. 2. Introduction of the company: The constitution assignment work has taken place on the company named ASIC. ASIC is a Japanese company that produce athletic equipments like sports shoes and other necessary sports equipments. The company is having more than 6000 employees. The company has expanded its business through worldwide. Therefore, the company needs to prepare a constitution that will focus on the different economical and business environment. All the necessary information regarding the company will come under section 1 Companies Act 2006 (Gomadthinking.com, 2015). 2.1. Preparing the aims and objectives: Under section, 172 the company will need to prepare the mission and the ultimate vision of the company. The vision of the company is to become a global preferable sports brand. For fulfilling the vision, the company will need to focus on different objectives like, generating a passion amongst the workforce, developing the employees for enhancing their skills and providing a periodical profitable business results. 2.2. Powers: According to Collins (2010), in the constitution, the power will have the authoritative actions of the members to carry out the business activities to complete the missions and the vision. In this part, the company will generate a team for up gradation of the business activities and the profitability factors. The members of the company will need to have the power of raising money in the market, employ paid and skilled workers, power to conduct research activities, power to have conduct a partnership work with other company and make necessary rules for the business activities. 2.3. Membership: According to section 113, all the members will have their recorded information through a register. The members of the company will have the power of inspection of companys necessary information and financial factors. Under section 43, the company will be able to conduct a partnership activity with other company and become a share partner. 2.4. Management committee: Management committee is required for the company, because the ASICS is global brand and needs to focus the business activities globally. The management committee will include the board of directors, chief executive officers and different managers for different business activities. The other members of the company will nominate the board of directors and they will be selected according to their knowledge and skills (Grist, 2014). 2.5. Officers: ASICS needs different officers for different business activities for different countries. The officers can be president of a particular business unit, chairpersons, secretaries and other line managers. In the annual general meeting, all the officers will need to be present with their respective reports in the meeting. 2.6. Meetings: The company ASICS will need to conduct business meetings quarterly, half-yearly and yearly. As per the Companies Act, in the general meetings a fix numbers of board of directors and other business development managers need to be present. According to section 172, in the general meeting the profitability factors of the stakeholders will be discussed and need to employ to them. In the general meeting, the financial statement of each business unit will need to be discussed. The necessary changes in the rules and the policies of the company also need to be discussed in the general meetings (Mitchell, 2011). 2.7. Finance: In the finance part, the company needs to allocate clearly the sources of the finance for the business activity. The shareholders of the company are the owners of a specific number of shares and according to that; they will receive their profit sharing parts. 2.8. Modification to the constitution: As per the changing business environment and global economic condition, the constitution of the company may need to change, because the business activity should run on the present business scenario of worldwide. The key members of the company will have the authority to change the constitution when it is necessary. In this case, the opinion of employees should take into consideration. 2.9. Dissolution: According to Rosen (2014), the dissolution takes place when the management committee needs to wind up. In that case, the business enterprise needs to conduct a special meeting among the key people of the company. In the meeting, the members need to discuss about the payments and the debts to the members. The payables should be clear after the meeting, so that no disturbance can take place. Conclusion: The constitution of the company will specify the rights, powers and duties of the stakeholders. All the middle and lower level managers and workers will need to follow the constitution of the company. Along with them, the board of directors of the company will need to follow the constitution. The constitution of the company will make the company as a separate body. Reference list: Books: Boros, E. and Duns, J. (2010). Corporate law. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. Goode, R. (2011). Principles of corporate insolvency law. London: Sweet Maxwell. Kohn, S., Kohn, M. and Colapinto, D. (2004). Whistleblower law. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Mitchell, R. (2011). Law, corporate governance and partnerships at work. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub. Journals: Daly, E. (2011). Competing Concepts of Religious Freedom Through the Lens of Religious Product Authentication Laws. Eccles. law j., 13(03), pp.298-332. Laws, D. (2010). A Company of Legend: The Legacy of Fairchild Semiconductor. IEEE Annals Hist. Comput., 32(1), pp.60-74. Rosen, K. (2014). Company Law and the Law of Succession Droit Commercial/Commercial Law. American Journal of Comparative Law, 62(-1), pp.387-405. Camacho, J. (2012). Mayo nays : The Supreme Court says no to patenting laws of nature. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 18(3). Collins, H. (2010). Harmonisation by Example: European Laws against Unfair Commercial Practices. Modern Law Review, 73(1), pp.89-118. Grist, E. (2014). EU Legal Regulatory Update June 2014. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 20(3). Websites: Gomadthinking.com, (2015). Asics UK | Go MAD Thinking. Available from: https://www.gomadthinking.com/differences-made/measurable-differences/asics-uk/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2015].

In Retrospect Essay Example For Students

In Retrospect Essay Robert McNamaraIn RetrospectRandom House New York, 1995Vietnam had long since been a place of controversy, and where our government focusedits fear of communism for many years. Throughout the Kennedy and Johnson administrationsthe government maintained that the war between the Communist north and the south can only bewon by the South Vietnamese, and that our military cannot win it for them. It stressed that thefall of South Vietnam to communism would threaten the rest of the western world. Robert McNamara, the Secretary of Defense during the Kennedy and Johnsonadministrations, wrote In Retrospect because he wanted to Put Vietnam in context,(xx). McNamara wanted to explain why the mistakes of Vietnam were made, not to justify them, butto help the American public understand them. He relies not only upon his memories, but uponPeople have often called Vietnam, McNamaras war, because he made it hisresponsibility. As he learned more and more about south Vietnam, he became well acquaintedwith its leader Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem portrayed himself as a man who shared our westernvalues. Though as our government would soon realize he was not the man we had hoped for. Diem needed to be removed from power, he was becoming more and more unpopular with hispeople. The Kennedy Administration seemed split on how democratic Diem really was. Hisconflicts between the Buddhists and Catholics were becoming more outrageous than ever. Theadministration supported a generals coup to get Diem out of p ower. Diem and his brother Nhuwere both assassinated during this coup. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy, himself, was also assassinated on the streets of Dallas. McNamara poses many questions as to whether the war would have continued on the same routehad Kennedy not been killed. McNamara feels that had Kennedy lived he would have pulled usout of Vietnam. His reasoning was that Kennedy had told his cabinet We are not going tobungle into war. Kennedy was ready to start pulling our troops out because it was obvious thatLyndon B. Johnson now becomes president. Many debates are being held on what to doin Vietnam. After Diems death, the Johnson Administration faced political problems in Saigon. The demands for U.S. military actions were growing. On August 2, 1964, North Vietnam launched an attack against an American ship in theGulf of Tonkin. A second attack was supposed to have taken place on August fourth, butMcNamara has now concluded that the second attack never happened. Using the Gulf of Tonkinevent to his advantage Johnson went to congress. The Gulf of Tonkin resolution gave thepresident the broad war powers. Meanwhile this resolution had been based on an attack thatmight well have never taken place. McNamara discusses whether the Gulf of Tonkin resolutiongave too much unlimited power to the president. He does not feel that the Congress understoodwhat was happening in Vietnam nor how the Johnson administration would respond to it. Though he never answers his own question as to whether the administration was given too muchleniency when it came to its actions in Vietnam, it seems as if the Congress was misled on all the facts pertaining to the Gulf of Tonkin. After the Gulf of Tonkin U.S. military troops were increased in Vietnam from 23,000 to175,000. McNamara in hindsight looks back and wonders, why? Why did they escalate and notwithdraw? South Vietnam seemed like a lost cause. Their leaders were fighting amongthemselves and yet we continued to fight on their b ehalf. He believes that we could havewithdrawn without any negative affects on our country. Was there another way to stop theseinjustices, McNamara feels that all other resources were not exhausted before we ventured into awar that we had little hope of winning. Our government overestimated the fall of South Vietnam, would it really have threatenedthe rest of the western world, probably not. McNamara lists eleven reasons for the major causesof Vietnam. They include that the U.S. embellished the danger it would cause us had we notintervened, both the Kennedy and Johnson administrations lacked the knowledge of that specificarea, so there was no one to consult when major themes of this war needed to be debated. Itseems that whenever the Johnson Administration got the Tonkin Resolution passed they failed tothink of consequences before they reacted to a situation. McNamara is not only to blame for thiswar many mistakes were made, including the entire administration, generals, and Vietnam ese. The disagreements within the state department were also a fundamental cause of this armedconflict. McNamara makes it crystal-clear that many of the contentions were not fullyThe basic reasoning behind us being in Vietnam was to advise the South Vietnamese onhow to stop pressures from the north. McNamara reveals that failure to organize properly did infact cause many of the oversights made. There was no war cabinet to focus on strictly onOur Government must learn through these mistakes. It is obvious the mistakes that thestate department made during these fateful years. It may have been avoided had it not been for aseries of unknown disasters, such as the assassination of Kennedy, the overthrow andassassination of Diem, and the relatively unknown Gulf of Tonkin incidences. When McNamara left the state department he had realized that the U.S. could notachieve their objectives in Vietnam. In the last few months of his term he came to theconclusion that continuing on the present co urse would eventually prove fatal and cost many ofinnocent lives. Johnson did not agree so he purposely left McNamaras views out of discussionsregarding the next course of action. What they needed was a rapid end to this war, and he feltthat the bombing and the expansion of the ground war would not do the job. He proposed a listof alternatives such as stopping the bombing of the north to bring about negotiations, transferring the responsibility from our military to the South Vietnamese. Although he made his contentionswell-known to the president, the president was not ready to hear him. His last deed in regards toVietnam was to oppose General Westmorelands petition for 200,000 supplementary troops. McNamaras reasoning behind this book was to tell the American people what went onbehind the scenes during the Vietnam war. Many critics of the Vietnam war feel that it was theinexperience of the state department, though they were extremely intelligent, they were nottrained in the finer wo rkings of the military which caused the escalation. Their were many timeswhen we could have pulled out of Vietnam, but they thought that it would cause the UnitedStates to lose rank with the rest of the world. Both Administrations, I feel overstated the threatthat if South Vietnam fell to communism than the rest of the east would fall like a line ofdominoes. McNamara summed up alot of misconceptions of what really happened, he doesnttry and sugar coat he comes right out and says We were wrong, terribly wrong. The bookmakes a lot of valid points though it is hard to follow at times. In Retrospect has allowed me tobecome painfully aware of a war that I knew relatively little about. This book shows reasons asto why, right or wrong, we intervened in Vietnam, and why we should have withdrawn soonerBibliography: .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .postImageUrl , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:hover , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:visited , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:active { border:0!important; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:active , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Health and Mental Effects of Cannabis Essay