Pros and Cons of Using a Plus-Minus Grading System Essay

Student and Faculty Views of Plus-Minus Grading Systems Working Paper Series—07-11 | December 2007 Jim Morgan (928) 523-7385 James.morgan@nau.edu Gary Tallman Robert Williams All professors at: Northern Arizona University The W. A. Franke College of Business PO Box 15066 Flagstaff, AZ 86011.5066 Student and Faculty Views of Plus-Minus Grading Systems Introduction Many colleges and universities have adopted or are considering adopting a grading system that provides a larger number of marking choices than the A through F whole-letter system. This usually takes the form of a plus-minus (+/-) grading system in one version or another. While a variety of reasons have been put forth for the move to +/- grades, a key motivation†¦show more content†¦Note that about one third of the schools continue to use whole-letter only grading systems. Among public schools, 30 of 71 (42.5 percent) use only whole-letter grading. Plus-minus grading systems are clearly the most prevalent type of grading system among this group of schools. To clarify the notation used below, the A+ to C+ system would use the grades A+, A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C , D, F, while an A+ to D- system would use A+, A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C, C-, D+, D, D-, F and so on. The plus or minus typically raises (lowers) the grade by .3 or .33 grade points. As the table indicates, ma ny schools 1 do not allow pluses and minuses across their full range of grades. The grade of A+ creates the possibility of a GPA greater than 4.0 and, probably for this reason; only 9 of the 60 schools with a +/- system include an A+. Four of the 9 schools using the A+ resolve the GPA problem by recording the A+ as a 4.0 when calculating GPAs, so that the A+ becomes just a notation on individual course grades. Schools also differ with respect to the bottom of the +/- range. 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Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 2143 Words

Jane Austen is an expert at juxtaposing romance and wit. Her novels are highly prized not only for their irony, humor, and depiction of English country life, but also for their underlying serious qualities. Austen’s plots highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. With each page, Austen is able to illustrate the absurdity of society in 19th century England through the entertaining individuals that she creates. It is easy to read a Jane Austen novel and label her characters as shallow and conceited, or shy and tenderhearted. But it is more complex than that. What really differentiates a heroine from a villainess? In many of Jane Austen’s stories, characters from different books share similar traits. However, in Mansfield Park and Pride and Prejudice, it is not the heroines that share comparable qualities. 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Company Constitution S134 and S135 Company Internal Management Rule

Question: Prepare a company constitution s134 and s135 company internal management rule. Answer: 1. Introduction: Company constitution is a manually formed document of rules and regulations for a particular company. The company constitution specifies and provides a set of pre-planned rules for the owner, managers, workers and the shareholders of the company. The constitution of the company should be prepared after the registration under the government of theta country. According to Boros and Duns (2010), the government will allow the person or group of persons to form their company after having the trade license. After starting the business activity, the company should provide tax to the government in half-yearly or yearly basis. The constitution of the company combines the each stakeholder of the company to the objectives and the ultimate goal of the company. 1.2. Requirement of constitution: A company should have its own constitution. If a company does not have a constitution, then the company will be presiding over by the Companies Act 1993. In United Kingdom, the first company Act was generated in 1844 and that was Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. The constitution of the company will specify the rights, powers and duties of the stakeholders. All the middle and lower level managers and workers will need to follow the constitution of the company. Along with them, the board of directors of the company will need to follow the constitution. In the words of Goode (2011), the constitution of the company will make the company as a separate entity. The companies those not having their own constitutions will be considered as formal group of companies. Therefore, the constitution is required for the successful running of the business along with the sharing profitability among the shareholders. Following a constitution, the internal organisational structure will set in a systematic manner. A systematic work structure of the company will develop the framework of the company so that the business activities will not be considered as illegal. 1.3. Components of constitution: According to the new Companies Act 2006, the constitution of the company should contain different components, like name of the company, aims and objectives of the company, Powers of the stakeholders, membership rules, management committee, officers, meetings, finance and dissolution of the constitution. Along with these, the constitution will need to have the necessary sections of Companies Act 2006. Some of the important and necessary sections are as follows: Section 1: Section 1 declared that every newly formed company should be registered under the company act and UK government. Along with this, the company will have to maintain and fulfil all the responsibilities towards the company, customers, suppliers and the society (Kohn et al. 2004). Section 113: This section explains that every company should keep a register of its members. In the register book the members name and the necessary information should be recorded. The register will also contain the name of the shareholders and the respective numbers of the shares. In case of joint shareholders, the register will need to state each name of the joint stockholder. Section 116: According to Daly (2011), this section has the rights of the register members of the company for inspection. The members have the rights for inspecting the register of the company and the details of the financial statements of the company along with the profitability structure and profitability of shares. Section 117: This section explains the responses to request for inspection in register of members. The members can request directly to the company or through the court. If the application goes through the court to the company, a notification should be send to the person of the request. Section 147: Laws (2010), through this section, the members have the right to enjoy the information about the company. After receiving request from the members, the company should send the necessary documents regarding the information to the members address. If the company becomes unable to send through postal address, in that case the company needs to provide that information via email of the members. Section 172: According to the section, the director of the company should act in a profitable way that the company and the stakeholders of the company will be benefitted. According to the section, the company needs to maintain good relationship with the customers, suppliers and other members of the company. The company should conduct a profitable business activity to maintain the reputation of the business enterprise. Section 43: The section provides explanation about the contracts between the companies. Under the section, the contract can be made between the companies or the persons who have authority on the behalf of the company (Camacho, 2012). 1.4. Effects of constitution: The constitution of the company provides a great effect on the business enterprise as well as the members of the company. The constitution binds the each stakeholder of the company towards the goal and the objectives of the business. 2. Introduction of the company: The constitution assignment work has taken place on the company named ASIC. ASIC is a Japanese company that produce athletic equipments like sports shoes and other necessary sports equipments. The company is having more than 6000 employees. The company has expanded its business through worldwide. Therefore, the company needs to prepare a constitution that will focus on the different economical and business environment. All the necessary information regarding the company will come under section 1 Companies Act 2006 (Gomadthinking.com, 2015). 2.1. Preparing the aims and objectives: Under section, 172 the company will need to prepare the mission and the ultimate vision of the company. The vision of the company is to become a global preferable sports brand. For fulfilling the vision, the company will need to focus on different objectives like, generating a passion amongst the workforce, developing the employees for enhancing their skills and providing a periodical profitable business results. 2.2. Powers: According to Collins (2010), in the constitution, the power will have the authoritative actions of the members to carry out the business activities to complete the missions and the vision. In this part, the company will generate a team for up gradation of the business activities and the profitability factors. The members of the company will need to have the power of raising money in the market, employ paid and skilled workers, power to conduct research activities, power to have conduct a partnership work with other company and make necessary rules for the business activities. 2.3. Membership: According to section 113, all the members will have their recorded information through a register. The members of the company will have the power of inspection of companys necessary information and financial factors. Under section 43, the company will be able to conduct a partnership activity with other company and become a share partner. 2.4. Management committee: Management committee is required for the company, because the ASICS is global brand and needs to focus the business activities globally. The management committee will include the board of directors, chief executive officers and different managers for different business activities. The other members of the company will nominate the board of directors and they will be selected according to their knowledge and skills (Grist, 2014). 2.5. Officers: ASICS needs different officers for different business activities for different countries. The officers can be president of a particular business unit, chairpersons, secretaries and other line managers. In the annual general meeting, all the officers will need to be present with their respective reports in the meeting. 2.6. Meetings: The company ASICS will need to conduct business meetings quarterly, half-yearly and yearly. As per the Companies Act, in the general meetings a fix numbers of board of directors and other business development managers need to be present. According to section 172, in the general meeting the profitability factors of the stakeholders will be discussed and need to employ to them. In the general meeting, the financial statement of each business unit will need to be discussed. The necessary changes in the rules and the policies of the company also need to be discussed in the general meetings (Mitchell, 2011). 2.7. Finance: In the finance part, the company needs to allocate clearly the sources of the finance for the business activity. The shareholders of the company are the owners of a specific number of shares and according to that; they will receive their profit sharing parts. 2.8. Modification to the constitution: As per the changing business environment and global economic condition, the constitution of the company may need to change, because the business activity should run on the present business scenario of worldwide. The key members of the company will have the authority to change the constitution when it is necessary. In this case, the opinion of employees should take into consideration. 2.9. Dissolution: According to Rosen (2014), the dissolution takes place when the management committee needs to wind up. In that case, the business enterprise needs to conduct a special meeting among the key people of the company. In the meeting, the members need to discuss about the payments and the debts to the members. The payables should be clear after the meeting, so that no disturbance can take place. Conclusion: The constitution of the company will specify the rights, powers and duties of the stakeholders. All the middle and lower level managers and workers will need to follow the constitution of the company. Along with them, the board of directors of the company will need to follow the constitution. The constitution of the company will make the company as a separate body. Reference list: Books: Boros, E. and Duns, J. (2010). Corporate law. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. Goode, R. (2011). Principles of corporate insolvency law. London: Sweet Maxwell. Kohn, S., Kohn, M. and Colapinto, D. (2004). Whistleblower law. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Mitchell, R. (2011). Law, corporate governance and partnerships at work. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub. Journals: Daly, E. (2011). Competing Concepts of Religious Freedom Through the Lens of Religious Product Authentication Laws. Eccles. law j., 13(03), pp.298-332. Laws, D. (2010). A Company of Legend: The Legacy of Fairchild Semiconductor. IEEE Annals Hist. Comput., 32(1), pp.60-74. Rosen, K. (2014). Company Law and the Law of Succession Droit Commercial/Commercial Law. American Journal of Comparative Law, 62(-1), pp.387-405. Camacho, J. (2012). Mayo nays : The Supreme Court says no to patenting laws of nature. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 18(3). Collins, H. (2010). Harmonisation by Example: European Laws against Unfair Commercial Practices. Modern Law Review, 73(1), pp.89-118. Grist, E. (2014). EU Legal Regulatory Update June 2014. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 20(3). Websites: Gomadthinking.com, (2015). Asics UK | Go MAD Thinking. Available from: https://www.gomadthinking.com/differences-made/measurable-differences/asics-uk/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2015].

In Retrospect Essay Example For Students

In Retrospect Essay Robert McNamaraIn RetrospectRandom House New York, 1995Vietnam had long since been a place of controversy, and where our government focusedits fear of communism for many years. Throughout the Kennedy and Johnson administrationsthe government maintained that the war between the Communist north and the south can only bewon by the South Vietnamese, and that our military cannot win it for them. It stressed that thefall of South Vietnam to communism would threaten the rest of the western world. Robert McNamara, the Secretary of Defense during the Kennedy and Johnsonadministrations, wrote In Retrospect because he wanted to Put Vietnam in context,(xx). McNamara wanted to explain why the mistakes of Vietnam were made, not to justify them, butto help the American public understand them. He relies not only upon his memories, but uponPeople have often called Vietnam, McNamaras war, because he made it hisresponsibility. As he learned more and more about south Vietnam, he became well acquaintedwith its leader Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem portrayed himself as a man who shared our westernvalues. Though as our government would soon realize he was not the man we had hoped for. Diem needed to be removed from power, he was becoming more and more unpopular with hispeople. The Kennedy Administration seemed split on how democratic Diem really was. Hisconflicts between the Buddhists and Catholics were becoming more outrageous than ever. Theadministration supported a generals coup to get Diem out of p ower. Diem and his brother Nhuwere both assassinated during this coup. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy, himself, was also assassinated on the streets of Dallas. McNamara poses many questions as to whether the war would have continued on the same routehad Kennedy not been killed. McNamara feels that had Kennedy lived he would have pulled usout of Vietnam. His reasoning was that Kennedy had told his cabinet We are not going tobungle into war. Kennedy was ready to start pulling our troops out because it was obvious thatLyndon B. Johnson now becomes president. Many debates are being held on what to doin Vietnam. After Diems death, the Johnson Administration faced political problems in Saigon. The demands for U.S. military actions were growing. On August 2, 1964, North Vietnam launched an attack against an American ship in theGulf of Tonkin. A second attack was supposed to have taken place on August fourth, butMcNamara has now concluded that the second attack never happened. Using the Gulf of Tonkinevent to his advantage Johnson went to congress. The Gulf of Tonkin resolution gave thepresident the broad war powers. Meanwhile this resolution had been based on an attack thatmight well have never taken place. McNamara discusses whether the Gulf of Tonkin resolutiongave too much unlimited power to the president. He does not feel that the Congress understoodwhat was happening in Vietnam nor how the Johnson administration would respond to it. Though he never answers his own question as to whether the administration was given too muchleniency when it came to its actions in Vietnam, it seems as if the Congress was misled on all the facts pertaining to the Gulf of Tonkin. After the Gulf of Tonkin U.S. military troops were increased in Vietnam from 23,000 to175,000. McNamara in hindsight looks back and wonders, why? Why did they escalate and notwithdraw? South Vietnam seemed like a lost cause. Their leaders were fighting amongthemselves and yet we continued to fight on their b ehalf. He believes that we could havewithdrawn without any negative affects on our country. Was there another way to stop theseinjustices, McNamara feels that all other resources were not exhausted before we ventured into awar that we had little hope of winning. Our government overestimated the fall of South Vietnam, would it really have threatenedthe rest of the western world, probably not. McNamara lists eleven reasons for the major causesof Vietnam. They include that the U.S. embellished the danger it would cause us had we notintervened, both the Kennedy and Johnson administrations lacked the knowledge of that specificarea, so there was no one to consult when major themes of this war needed to be debated. Itseems that whenever the Johnson Administration got the Tonkin Resolution passed they failed tothink of consequences before they reacted to a situation. McNamara is not only to blame for thiswar many mistakes were made, including the entire administration, generals, and Vietnam ese. The disagreements within the state department were also a fundamental cause of this armedconflict. McNamara makes it crystal-clear that many of the contentions were not fullyThe basic reasoning behind us being in Vietnam was to advise the South Vietnamese onhow to stop pressures from the north. McNamara reveals that failure to organize properly did infact cause many of the oversights made. There was no war cabinet to focus on strictly onOur Government must learn through these mistakes. It is obvious the mistakes that thestate department made during these fateful years. It may have been avoided had it not been for aseries of unknown disasters, such as the assassination of Kennedy, the overthrow andassassination of Diem, and the relatively unknown Gulf of Tonkin incidences. When McNamara left the state department he had realized that the U.S. could notachieve their objectives in Vietnam. In the last few months of his term he came to theconclusion that continuing on the present co urse would eventually prove fatal and cost many ofinnocent lives. Johnson did not agree so he purposely left McNamaras views out of discussionsregarding the next course of action. What they needed was a rapid end to this war, and he feltthat the bombing and the expansion of the ground war would not do the job. He proposed a listof alternatives such as stopping the bombing of the north to bring about negotiations, transferring the responsibility from our military to the South Vietnamese. Although he made his contentionswell-known to the president, the president was not ready to hear him. His last deed in regards toVietnam was to oppose General Westmorelands petition for 200,000 supplementary troops. McNamaras reasoning behind this book was to tell the American people what went onbehind the scenes during the Vietnam war. Many critics of the Vietnam war feel that it was theinexperience of the state department, though they were extremely intelligent, they were nottrained in the finer wo rkings of the military which caused the escalation. Their were many timeswhen we could have pulled out of Vietnam, but they thought that it would cause the UnitedStates to lose rank with the rest of the world. Both Administrations, I feel overstated the threatthat if South Vietnam fell to communism than the rest of the east would fall like a line ofdominoes. McNamara summed up alot of misconceptions of what really happened, he doesnttry and sugar coat he comes right out and says We were wrong, terribly wrong. The bookmakes a lot of valid points though it is hard to follow at times. In Retrospect has allowed me tobecome painfully aware of a war that I knew relatively little about. This book shows reasons asto why, right or wrong, we intervened in Vietnam, and why we should have withdrawn soonerBibliography: .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .postImageUrl , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:hover , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:visited , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:active { border:0!important; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:active , .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc2324836450af81853d08a01f274bba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Health and Mental Effects of Cannabis Essay

Bit final proposal for school fees payment system free essay sample

School fees payment system is a software designed to assist schools as in providing automated, quick capture and retrieval of information regarding students payment of school dues. School fees payment system assists the finance body of the school to monitor and manage the student information regarding the fees details for convenience and smooth running of the school. INTRODUCTION This book presents the research carried out on how students can be served easily and faster as well as timely delivery of the required information by the school agencies. Our study found out that the management still uses manual systems to track payments made by students and this always creates hard time to get clear information about students who have or have not paid. Therefore we came out with a decision to bring up an automated system which can help them to do all their work easily and so fast. This report book contains five chapters and includes the following: Chapter one contains: Introduction, Background of the study, Statement of the problem, Objectives of the study, General objectives, Specific objectives, Scope of the study, justification/significances of the study. We will write a custom essay sample on Bit final proposal for school fees payment system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chapter two gives a description of related Literature about the effects of the tours and travels management system and International research on tourism and hotel management system Chapter three contains :methodology, Requirements collection and data collection techniques, examining documents ,interviews, system analysis and design, database design, dataflow diagrams, conceptual design, enhanced entity relationship diagrams, system implementation, mysql, php[hyper text preprocessor],system testing Chapter four includes: System design, Context diagram, Dataflow diagrams, Conceptual design, Entity relationship diagram, Relationships between entities and cardinalities, System requirements, System hardware requirements, Software requirements, Functional requirements, User requirements, System implementation, User interface screen shots Chapter five covers the Discussion, Conclusion, Successes of the system, and Failures of the system, appendices, and appendix a: questionnaire, appendix a ppendix c, appendix d Proposed System: The Project deals with the school management. It will be useful for their transactions. Earlier they used to maintain all the school records manually. By using this software they will make their operations very easily. The school bursar can guide students to know the total charges and the remaining amount in time. The school finance committee will manage the students and provide the information about the previous and current termly charges. This will make all operations of the school easier and accurate. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION The introduction provides the foundation for the understanding of the problem under investigation. 1. 1: BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY The role of school fees management systems has received and continues to receive increasing attention from time to time. Proper management of the payments made by students promotes efficiency coordination among the stakeholders thus promoting development . To achieve these benefits, an effective system has to be selected and maintained for faster delivery of information and planning. However, many factors affect a school’s ability to choose the right applications. This explains why there is need to follow a certain criteria when selecting the appropriate software. Some of the factors to be considered include trust and commitment, experienced users, creativity and innovation, compatible hardware and software, cost of development, degree of interaction between the user and the system, and the physical appearance of the interfaces. The case study for the topic will be St Mary’s college Rushoroza. 1. 1. 1: BACKGROUND OF ST MARY’S COLLEGE 1. 1. 2: ORIGIN St Mary’s college was started in 1970 under the foundation of _____. From time to time, the school has expanded with a population of over 1500 students at present. The school is mixed with both O and A level dealing in the provision of education to students in western Uganda, Rwanda, and some parts of Kenya. 1. 1. 3: GOAL To create a system in that will facilitate storage of information about fees payment by the students for proper management of the school. 1. 1. 4: VALUES Integrity, Team work, Quality and Innovation. 1. 1. 5: VISION To produce a computerized system that will assist in differentiating the students who have cleared and those who have pending school dues. 1. 1. 6: MISSION To promote accurate and efficient capture, retrieval and analysis of student payments. 1. 2: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM To establish a system that will enhance quick delivery of the required information regarding fees payment in the school. 1. 3: PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To get to know the criteria followed when storing and retrieving information about fees payment in the school. 1. 4: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To get a clear understanding of the difference between the existing manual system and the desired one. 1. 5: SCOPE OF THE STUDY The field research is estimated to cover a period of 3 months. The area of study will be in Kabale at St Mary’s College which is a secondary school. 1. 6: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study will help us to compare the difference between the existing manually based system in the school and our computerized system to be developed with the aim of meeting the school requirements. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter attempts to bring out other researchers work which is referent direct or generally related to the present topic. 2. 1: THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN UGANDA INTERVIEW OF SEBAGGALA M. KIGOZI IN THE INDEPENDENT OF MONDAY 14TH OCTOBER 2013 14:36 Sebaggala M. Kigozi who is the executive director of UMA which brings together manufacturers and industrialists in Uganda. He spoke to the Independent about the sector. He had this to say about the manufacturing sector of Uganda today, ‘The sector is a fast growing one. Over the last couple of years, Uganda’s manufacturing and industrial sector has positively grown from 8. 9% in 2007 as percentage share of Uganda’s GDP to 26. 1% based on data released in February 2012. On the ground, the factories are growing, there are some which have tremendously expanded for example those that had one line are having more than one which is a sign that things are good. Therefore, this shows a tremendous improvement as compared to other sectors of the economy. Our role as UMA is to promote and protect the interests of manufactures and industrialists in the country. This mainly involves policy analysis, research, lobby and advocacy, favorable legislation and review as well as advisory services to government, its agencies, parliament, local government and any other institution or authority where it’s necessary. We make sure that people in this area of production have a condusive environment. The challenge that manufactures face may not be called the challenge per say but constraints that affect the pace of growth and development of the manufacturing and industrial sector in Uganda. These include both Non- Tariff Barriers (NTBs) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) ranging from; the hiked energy tariffs by roughly 70% in 2012, the unreliable supply and low quality energy, the slow pace of development, harmonization and adoption of products and service standards, the high taxes levied on some of the items deemed as machinery, raw materials and spare parts, high fuel costs for transport as well as high fuel rates with no duty waiver for industrialists using generator sets, multiple levies by the various local governments in which the manufacturers and industrialists operate or supply goods and products, the low status/ grade of the feeder road networks that promote supply and distribution, low demand for goods caused by high poverty levels and a big unemployment rate, limited skilled labour to run the machinery. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY This states where, why, who and by whom and how the study is to be conducted. This chapter will give the study area research design, sampling methods, procedures of data collection and analysis methods. 3. 1: RESEARCH DESIGN Data will be collected by the use of descriptive and analytical design. 3. 2: STUDY AREA The area of study will be St Mary’s college Rushoroza. 3. 3: STUDY POPULATION The study will be carried out among the staff, students and top management members of St Mary’s college. 3. 4: SAMPLE SIZE The study will cover a total population of about 40 people who will be selected randomly. 15 of them will be the employees of the company (St Mary’s college), a few students and the rest will be members of the evaluation and contracts committee of the school and top managers. 3. 5: SAMPLING PROCEDURE The researcher will use the introductory letter issued by the Department of Information and Communication Technology of Kabale University (KAB) to access different respondents. In carrying out personal interviews the researcher will employ random sampling. This will be applied among the beneficiaries of the services provided where the respondents from different departments in St Mary’s college will be picked without any pattern to give out the relevant information. Selective sampling will also be applied where the researcher will carry out key informant interviews among the service providers and the stake holders like contract and evaluation committee members to get the required data. 3. 6: DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES AND INSTRUMENTS Data will be collected by the use of both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data picks information which does not exist in companies, library, print media and other sources of information. Secondary data is data collected from the works of others. The methods or tools the researcher will use are; Documentary analysis, Personal interviews and Key informant interviews. 3. 6. 1: DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS With the documentary analysis method, the researcher will visit what has already been written down in the books, newspapers, internet to get information. 3. 6. 2: PERSONAL INTERVIEWS It is a method of data collection that is used in society today. It involves the use of questionnaires. It is guided with a questionnaire that is composed of a set of questions. It involves the use of written questions to which respondents individually respond to in writing. This method is advantageous in that it distant respondents can be use, there is no bias from respondents and they have enough time to think about the answers. 3. 6. 3: KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS An interview is a dialogue between interviewer and interviewee in an organized manner or conversation aimed at gathering information (data) about a particular topic from a person of authority from that field of study. This technique involves face to face interversion and collects first hand information. The responses from interviewees will be recorded and then analyzed. This technique will require a researcher to ask questions guided by an interview guide or interview schedule. 3. 7: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION Data analysis is a process that brings order into data collected in a way which will enable the researcher make sense of the data collected. Quantitative data for each response given will be provided in frequency table, graphs, pie charts and percentages calculated to enable interpretation become meaningful. Qualitative data will be analyzed by attracting codes to classify response and avoid ambiguities cumbersome and lengthy data. In this study, analysis will be heavily shaped by theoretical framework within which the study will be conducted. 3. 8: EXPECTED LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Being the first research, the researcher will lack experience and skills in research methods. This will make the whole activity very slow and tedious. The researcher will overcome this by the help of the supervisor who will try to advise and direct her. The researcher may face financial constraints as research projects are poorly funded by educational institutions and sponsors like parents. Limited literature sources are another problem the researcher may face. This may occur when the researcher is trying to penetrate some agencies in order to access documents that may be very essential for the study and even when carrying out key informant interviews. Failure to tress respondents will be another problem in that they are from different places and have a busy working schedule. Time will also be a limiting factor to the researcher. Being a partial fulfillment of the entire program, the time allocated will be limited to allow an extensive investigation that is carrying out interviews, complying the data, analyzing it and finally complying a report.

Epicatechin content in green tea (Camellia sinensis) supplements and their antioxidant activities The WritePass Journal

Epicatechin content in green tea (Camellia sinensis) supplements and their antioxidant activities Introduction/background Epicatechin content in green tea (Camellia sinensis) supplements and their antioxidant activities ). Their most important role in the body is to protect cells against the effects of free radicals. Free radicals are the unstable molecular species containing an unpaired electron that are able to exist independently. Most of these species are highly reactive and are potentially damaging to the cells (Lobo, et.al. 2010). Some of the common oxygen- free radicals that are involved in many human diseases include hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen singlet, hypochlorite, nitric oxide radical, and peroxynitrite radical. Increased levels of these reactive species in the body cells induce damage of the DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Thus, a balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function (Lobo, et.al. 2010). Any dis-balance in this may result the initiation of various diseases including cancer, vascular diseases and degenerative diseases. Hence, the study of antioxidants and their sources have been the focus of intense research. 1.4. Brief information on herbal supplements to use in the project This project studies the presence of epicatechin content in Camellia sinensis; thus, the project uses herbal capsules from Camellia sinensis as herbal supplements. Camellia sinenis is taken as green tea and contains antioxidants in it, which is why it is commonly used in herbal medicine. Epicatechin is abundantly found in Camellia sinensis herbal supplement. Cameillia sinensis also contains various active compounds as extracts. Some of the major active compounds found in Camellia sinensis include catechins, caffeine, flavonols and proanthocyanidins (Charles, 2013). The health benefits of green tea (Camellia sinensis) epicatechins are being extensively studied and explained . Endothelial cells are associated to vascular function and homeostasis whose dysfunction may have implication in cardiovascular disease including atherogenesis. (Moore, et.al. 2009). Moreover, some studies suggest their anticancer role by enchaining apoptosis (Ravindranath, et.al. 2009). With findings emerging fro m several new studies regarding the health benefits of the green tea from Camellia sinensis, it is being increasingly popular among the people. Methods Simple and reliable techniques will be chosen in this project to investigate epicatechin content in Camellia sinenis. Experiments will be carried out using reflux extraction to determine the biologically active compounds present in the test supplement (herbal capsules from Camellia sinensis). This will be confirmed by NMR analysis. NMR analysis will be done to confirm that determination of correct biological compound including antioxidants from Camellia sinensis. Crude extract will be made from the material extracted from herbal capsules using a suitable solvent under reflux, which will then be run on thin layer chromatography (TLC) to see if a corresponding band for the standard also appears in the extract. This will tell whether or not the compound is present in the extract, as the study of organic compounds present in the supplement of Camellia sinensis can be made using this technique. To cut of the evaporation time, rotary evaporation method will be employed while evaporating th e solvent. Reverse phase analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) will be used to identify the standard compound in the extract and then to quantify the amount of compound in it. Finally, the antioxidant assay will be carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracted compound; as a control, plant Flavonoid quercetin, which has antioxidant activity, will be used. REFERENCES Charles, J.D. (2013). Antioxidant Properties of Spices, Herbs and Other Sources.  Natural Antioxidants.   39-64. Chan, E.W.C, Eu, Y.S, Tie, P.P, Law, Y.P. (2011). Pharmacognosy Research.  Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of green, black, and herbal teas of Camellia sinensis.  3(4), 266-272. Irshad, M and Chaudhuri, P.S. (2002). Indian journal of experimental biology.  Oxidant-antioxidant system: role and significance in human body..  40(11), 1233-1239. Lobo, V, Patil, A, Phatak, A, Chandra, N. (2010). Pharmacogn Rev.  Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health.  4(8), 118-126. Moore, R.J, Jackson, K.G, Minihane, A.M. (2010). The British journal of nutrition.  Green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins and vascular function. 96(4), 597-605. Ravindranath, M.H, et.al.,. (2006). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med..  Epicatechins Purified from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Differentially Suppress Growth of Gender-Dependent Human Cancer Cell Lines.  3(2), 237-247. Ravindranath, et.al., (2009). Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine.  Differential Growth Suppression of Human Melanoma Cells by Tea (Camellia sinensis) Epicatechins (ECG, EGC and EGCG).  6(4), 523-530. Roman, M, (2001)  Natural Products Insider, naturalproductsinsider.com/articles/2001/04/the-benefits-and-pitfalls-of-standardizing-botanic.aspx, 11/12/2013. Uzunalic, A.P, et.al.. (2006). Food Chemistry.  Extraction of active ingredients from green tea (Camellia sinensis): Extraction efficiency of major catechins and caffeine.  96(4), 597-605. Yang, Z, Xu, Y, Jie, G, He, P and Tu, Y. (2007). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr.  Study on the antioxidant activity of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis)  .  16(1), 148-152.

Discuss the methods and technology used in damping buildings when Essay

Discuss the methods and technology used in damping buildings when resonance leads to SHM caused by the wind and earthquakes - Essay Example The amplitude of these oscillations is time dependent and is inversely proportional to the time. Higher damping means that the oscillations reduce in their size (Fang et al. 1999). In physics’ terms, the tendency of a system to oscillate at amplitude that is greater at certain frequencies as compared to others is called resonance. This situation occurs when the system has the capacity to stockpile and shift energy easily between more than two modes of storage. The losses that happen at the process of this cycle are called damping. With small damping, the resonance frequency tends to be the same as the natural frequency of the system. There are cases where systems have multiple resonance frequencies that are distinct (Kijewski-Correa and Pirnia, 2007). Damping is hence the physical phenomenon of reducing motion through dissipation of energy. In tall buildings, damping is important due to various reasons. The tall buildings are known to vibrate at natural frequencies that are low. This is a factor that makes the buildings to be very susceptible to dynamic resonance in cases of earthquake and wind. Wind energy is usually at its highest when the frequencies are low. Additionally, to the response to the wind gustiness, there is a common form of dynamic wind response that is due to vortex shedding. The circumstances mentioned results to the creation of movements of the structure that is at right angles to the course of the storm (Terman, 1992). Damping in tall buildings is mainly caused by intrinsic and supplementary sources. Intrinsic damping comes from connections, cladding, friction and seismic motion; in this case, this paper is interested in the seismic causes of the damping which is earthquakes. Supplementary damping is due to engineered devices such as friction devices, viscous and slosh dampers and tuned mass dampers (Katsuhiko, 2005). There are broad methods that have been largely

Health traditions model by Leininge, Rachel Spector Research Paper

Health traditions model by Leininge, Rachel Spector - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Health Traditional Model (HTM) came to the existence in 1994 when health tradition immigrants were flooding Ellis Island. This model talks about the transcultural concept that takes place in nursing care and it is applicable to all the programs in nursing education that are licensed by nursing programs. Health tradition model incorporates a theory by Ester and Zitzow on how individual’s way of life reflects the traditional culture that he/she comes from. In this model, heritage consistency refers to the level in which one’s lifestyle reflects the tribal culture that he/she comes from. The model focuses on different traditional cultures for different ethnic sets, for example, the Africans, Europeans, and Hispanics. In the model, Spector uses a holistic health concept to discover methods that people apply for them to restore and care for their health. The model gives a relationship between physical, spiritual and mental hea lth with caring and restoring health. This model states that for one to be able to retain physical health, he/she is supposed to use the traditional clothing and food that the culture recommends. In order to safeguard mental health of an individual, one needs to get emotional and communal care from the community at large and family members. In health tradition model, Spector provides a tool to assess heritage for one to know the level that people stand by their traditions and the way they observe their cultures.... In order to safeguard mental health of an individual, one needs to get emotional and communal care from the community at large and family members (Sagar, 2011) In health tradition model, Spector provides a tool to assess heritage for one to know the level that people stand by their traditions and the way they observe their cultures. She concludes that, traditional people are more close to their traditional cultures compared to acculturated people who distance their traditional practices. Spector argues cultural competence by emphasizing its relationship with culture together with poverty, demographics and immigration. She insists that for one to be a qualified culture care, he/she should acquire attitude and skills for excellent deliverance of the services (Sagar, 2011) In the model, Spector arranges cultural diversity involved in health together with illness in four portions. These portions comprise cultural competency establishment; health, sickness and culture; beliefs that a give n community practices and issues affecting their health; and applying cultural knowledge in general health care. Spector compares tradition to a burden that everyone carries throughout her/his whole life and hands it over to the following generation. Every burden has beliefs, which are tangible or not, together with differing values depending on the background of his/her beliefs. According to this model, culture shows various things that a given group of people shares. For example, it may show that they share geographic origin, religious conviction, dialectal, race and food of preference (Sagar, 2011). Why I choose Health traditional model I choose the health traditional Model because as a nursing student, I think the model will

Case study for MGMT306 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For MGMT306 - Case Study Example nclude hamburgers, milkshakes, cheeseburgers, various types of desserts, chicken, different soft drinks, breakfast items, seasoned fries and French fries. One of the key problems of McDonald is the issue of cultural differences. Being a global company, McDonald focuses on recruiting competent and talented individuals who have the potential and ability of improving on their sales volume. However, the company faces such challenges of cultural differences since its employees come from different cultural backgrounds. Thus, providing an equal training for such employees on how to execute their job roles is challenging for the company. Nevertheless, the company has allocated adequate resources to ensure that it manages the issue of cultural shift effectively. In this, McDonald ensures that it hires labor that is characterized of cultural background of its business environment. Cultural differences among nations also influence how McDonald applies is strategic approaches of attaining business success. Thus, cultural values, which include eating habits, gender perspectives, communication modes, dress codes and religion, dictate how business operations have to be conducted in a given country. McDonald has realized the need of taking into consideration of the cultural values of each business location in order to overcome the issue of cultural shock. As such, the company ensures that it aligns its business strategies with cultural values and practices of the community in which it has to conduct its business activities. Inflation is factor that influences business activities of all international companies. McDonald is one of these companies, which incurs challenges of changing currency rates and inflation in some of its countries where it has established branches. Thus, the company experiences problems in management of its revenues since they shift based on the currency variation among countries. To address this, McDonald ensures that it aligns its pricing strategy with

Roles of MicroRNAs in the Cell Cycle

Roles of MicroRNAs in the Cell Cycle Evaluate the roles of microRNAs in the cell cycle and explain the consequences of disruption to microRNA activity in named diseases Introduction The presence and activity of various proteins are required in the cell cycle progression.(1) The regulation of these protein levels is vital for the understanding of the cell cycle control and its dysregulation. The dysregulation results genetic mutation related diseases. For instance, overexpression of cyclins or the elimination of CDK inhibitors or pRB due to genetic mutation are common cause in human cancer.(2) Therefore, the proper control of protein levels is crucial for the cell cycle. MicroRNAs are ~22-25 nucleotide non-coding RNAs.(3) It is post- transcriptional repressor of mRNA; control the stability and translation of protein-coding mRNAs. (1, 3). MiRNAs bind the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of target mRNAs. The binding of miRNA- protein complexes to mRNA causes translation inhibition or destabilisation of target transcripts.(1) This is resulting in the downregulation of the protein encoded by mRNA. Figure 1 : microRNA as post-transcription inhibitor in protein encoding (4) MicroRNAs control the levels of numerous cell cycle regulators that controls cell proliferation.(1) The alternation of protein levels of critical oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes, which causes by miRNAs deregulation may also lead to proliferative diseases such as cancer. MiRNAs that linked to human cancers, known as â€Å"oncomirs†. These are divided into two group, those miRNAs that are upregulated in cancer which are likely to be acting as oncogenes and those downregulated in cancer which are likely to be acting as tumour suppressors.(5) Approximately 30-60 % of the human genome, regulated by miRNAs. As a consequence, any modulations of the target transcript expression, miRNAs can affect various signalling pathways and cellular process such as apoptosis, proliferation or differentiation. Therefore, miRNAs could consider as cancer targets. Besides cancer, some miRNAs genes cause or contribute in many inherited and genetic based diseases. For instance, miR-26b upregulated in Alzerimer’s disease, (6) miR 96 causes nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss (7) and miR -184 causes Familial Keratoconus with Cataract.(8) Nevertheless, some miRNAs’ genes are beneficial; display antiproliferative properties.(1) For example, the down-regulation of miR15s and miR – 16 – 1 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, prostate cancer and pituitary tumours, leading to the inhibition of tumour growth and induce cell cycle arrest at the G1 ­ phase by target cell cycle regulators ( cyclin D1, cyclin E1, cyclin D3 and CDK6). (9) As miRNAs proposed to control the expression up to one third of all genes and possibly utilised as diagnostic and prognostic marker for many genetic based diseases.(10) Therefore, it is important to evaluate its role in the cell cycle and its dysregulation. The different roles of MicroRNAs in the cell cycle The understanding of miRNA has increased over the past 10 years, and particularly the involvement of miRNAs in cancer. Nowadays, cancer is a common disease, which occurs to one third of the population. There are lots of cancer treatments available, however to identify an effective treatment is still challenging.(9) Therefore, it is important to develop a new treatments with less side effect are greatly demanded. A greater understanding of miRNA could possibly lead to better diagnostic and treatment of cancer.(9) Let-7 Let-7 has an essential role in cell cycle and the differentiation of cell cycle terminals. Let-7 is coded by 12 genes; these are produced from the eight genomic loci. These 12 genes are located at a region, which is frequently deleted in cancer. Throughout the lung cancer examination, it has been showed that a low level of let-7 relates to the poor prognosis. The expression of let-7 induces the suppression growth of cell and human tumour cell lines.(12) Over-expression of let-7 in lung cancer causes the lowered cell division and stopped the progression of cell cycle. Ras, Caspase-3 and HMGA2 genes are targeted by let-7 for controlling tumour growth. Furthermore, let-7 represses number of cell cycle regulator gene: cyclin D1, cyclin A, cyclin D3, CDK4 and CCNA2, CDK6, CDC25A and CDK8. (13) MiR-15a/16 Chromosome 13q14 region is frequently deleted in more than 50% of the B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). This region of the chromosome includes the expression of miR-15a/16 cluster. Further studies have identified that miR-15a/16 is located at the 30 kb region of the loss chromosome in CLL. (14) In CCL patients, about 70% of the patients have miR-15a and miR-16 either deleted or down regulated; same applies to gastric cancer and pituitary adenomas cell lines. The miR-15a and miR-16 target cell cycle regulators such as cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin E1 and CDK6, this causes the cell cycle arrest during the G1 phase.(13) miR-15 and miR-16 in colon cancer cell lines presented with a high level of down-regulated transcripts for gene related to cell-cycle progression. Moreover, the high expression of miR16 which leads to increase G0 and G2 phase accumulation through down-regulating the gene expression of cell cycle, CARD10, CDK6 and CDC27. These evidenced the miR15a and miR16 associated with complex gene expression.(12) Figure 2: Cell cycle and proteins that are involved in the cycle. (11) MiR-17/20 The miR-17/20 induces suppression of tumour growth in the breast cancer and human B-cell line; it encodes 6 mature miRs in a 1 kb region. MiR-17/20 target several cell cycle regulators, including E2F, Rb, c-myc and cyclin D1, for the time control of cell cycle. At G1 phase (figure 2) , Cyclin D1 and c-myc are induced and inactivation of E2F1 when bind to Rb. The transition of G1 to S phase of the cell cycle requires the miR-17/20 cluster.(13) The miR-17 family might involve in inhibit or promote cellular proliferation. In a low level of mitogenic stimulation, miR-17 possible involves in the E2F signalling maintenance to be at a level below threshold for proliferation. Furthermore, the missing miR-17-19 cluster has been identified in many malignancies, and disruption of miR-17 expression possible reduces the proliferation of certain breast cancer cell lines. The suppression of irregularly high E2F activation, the apoptosis response might be eliminated by the miR-17-92 cluste r, then this function as an oncogene. Subsequently, in various solid and haematopoietic malignancies are found to have amplificated and over-expressed miR-17 family. These have indicated that miR-17/20 play a essential role in cellular proliferation and progression of malignancies. (12) MiR-221/222 The regulation of cell cycle by miR-221/222, which it targets the CDK inhibitors. The miR-221 and miR-222 ectopic expression initiate CDK2, aiding the transition of G1 to S phase of cell cycle and p27kip2 and p57kip2 are negatively regulated which lead to increase tumour growth. This is frequently identified in human breast cancer tissues.(13) In addition, miR-221 and miR-222 act as a direct regulator of p27. The over-expression of this cluster increases cellular proliferation and allowed anchorage growth independently. The suppression of miR221 and miR-222 initiated G1 phase arrest in breast cancer cell lines. It is found that miR-221/222 is over-expressed in several human tumors. (12) Table 1: miRNA genes and clusters that target cell cycle regulators and its deregulation in cancer. (1) MiRNA related diseases Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) occurs due to the homozygous or heterozygous deletion of the chromosomal region 13q14.3. MiR – 15a and miR -16-1 are located in this region as shown in Calin et al’s study.(9, 15) This provided evidence that miRNAs might be involved in the pathogenesis of CLL and other human cancers.(9) These genes were found to be deleted in 68 % of CLL patients.(15) MiR-15a and miR-16-1 leads to the inhibition of tumour growth by negatively regulate BCL2; anti-apoptotic gene.(9) They also induce cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase by targeting cell cycle regulators ; cyclin D1, cycline D3, cyline E1 abd CDK6.(9) The deletion of miR-15a and miR-16-1 associated with CLL patients’ phenotypes; the loss of these two genes accelerates B- lymphocytes proliferation by modulating genes’ expression controlling cell-cycle progression.(9) As consequences, CLL clinical features occurs. Breast cancer breast cancer is oestrogen hormone dependant disease. Breast cancer occurs when the number of oestrogen receptors (ER) increase abnormally. Alb1 genes are oncogenes in breast cancer. It enhances the transcriptional activity of the ER and E2F1 and other transcription factors. (16) Alb1 is a rate-limiting factor for oestrogen. (16) E2F1 is involving in growth hormone–signalling pathway and mediated breast cancer cells growth. (16) From the Hossain et al’s study, mir-17-5p play a role of tumour suppressor, which controls the cell proliferation of breast cancer cells. (16) In cell culture experiment, AlB1 expression was downregulated by mir-17-5p through translational inhibition. This resulted in decreased ER and cancer cells’proliferation. As mir-17-5p binds to the cyclin D1 3’UTR in the MCF-7 breast cancer cells . It inhibits cyclin D1 expression, resulting in suppressed cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest.(9) Conclusion MicroRNAs are crucial in the cell cycle. The Mitchell et al’s study has shown that miRNAs displayed high stability in tissue from human plasma. (17) It is possible that miRNA might be useful biomarker to indicate disease state. Moreover, the demonstration of miRNA profiles are potential for distinguishing a development of tumour’s origin and miRNA that acts like tumour suppressor in cancer.(18) From Lu et al’s study, they have demonstrated that there are lower miRNA expression in poorly differentiated as compared to highly differentiate tumour; which is very interesting fact and provide evidence to shoe that possibility that miRNA could utilised in disease diagnostics. (19) Therefore, further researches should carry out to gain more understandings and invent more effective treatment. References 1. Bueno J, Marà ­a., Malumbres M. MicroRNAs and the cell cycle. 2011;1812(5):592–601. 2. Malumbres M, Barbacid M. To cycle or not to cycle: a critical decision in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2001;1(3):222-31. 3. Carleton MC, A., Michele. Linsley,S.,Peter. MicroRNAs and Cell Cycle Regulation. Cell cycle. 2007 September 1;6(17):2127-32. 4. The image of microRNA [image on the internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 February 4]. Available from : http://www.fireflybio.com/introduction_to_microRNA. 5. Johnson CD, Esquela-Kerscher A, Stefani G, Byrom M, Kelnar K, Ovcharenko D, et al. The let-7 microRNA represses cell proliferation pathways in human cells. Cancer Res. 2007;67(16):7713-22. 6. Absalon S, Kochanek DM, Raghavan V, Krichevsky AM. MiR-26b, upregulated in Alzheimers disease, activates cell cycle entry, tau-phosphorylation, and apoptosis in postmitotic neurons. J Neurosci. 2013;33(37):14645-59. 7. Mencà ­a à ea. Mutations in the seed region of human miR-96 are responsible for nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss. Nature Genetics. 2009;41(5):609-13. 8. Hughes AE, Bradley DT, Campbell M, Lechner J, Dash DP, Simpson DA, et al. Mutation Altering the miR-184 Seed Region Causes Familial Keratoconus with Cataract. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2011;89(5):628-33. 9. MicroRNA in Cancer: Spinger Science and Business Media Dordrecht; 2013 [cited 2014 February 2]. Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/MicroRNA_in_Cancer.html?id=RS8qLrSkdkgC. 10.Yang MM, Joerg. Discovery, biology and therapeutic potential of RNA interference, microRNA and antagomirs. 2008;117(1):94–104. 11. Cohen B. The image of cell cycle [image on the internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 February 4]. Available from : http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/neoplasia-vii-cancer-critical-genes-and-familial-cancer-syndromes/deck/6316935. 12. Chivukula R, Raghu. Mendell,T., Joshua. Circular reasoning: microRNAs and cell-cycle control. October 2008;33(10):474-81. 13. Yu Z, Baserga R, Chen L, Wang C, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. microRNA, Cell Cycle, and Human Breast Cancer. American Journal of Pathology, The. 2010;176(3):1058-64. 14. Cho WC. OncomiRs: the discovery and progress of microRNAs in cancers. Molecular Cancer [Internet]. 2007 2007-09-25 [cited 2014 Febuary 5]; 6(1):[60 p.]. Available from: http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/6/1/60. 15. Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 2002;99(24). 16. Hossain A, Kuo MT, Saunders GF. Mir-17-5p Regulates Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting Translation of AIB1 mRNA. Molecular and Cellular Biology. Novemble 2006;26(20). 17. Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(30):10513-8. 18. Hydbring PV-B, Gayane. Clinical applications of microRNAs F1000Research. 2014. 19. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature. 2005;435(7043):834-8.

Aeneid Book 8 :: essays research papers

Aeneid: Book 8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Book eight of the Aeneid starts with Aeneas in an anxious and nervous mood. With Turnus rallying his troops, and the uncertainty of aid from other territories, Aeneas’ mind is in turmoil. His thoughts are further confused when he sleeps that night and has a prophetic dream. He dreams he is lying on the bank of a river when the God of the Tiber river appears. He eases Aeneas’ troubled mind by saying that he has made it to the new Trojan home. He goes on to say that if he doubts this vision, he will find a white sow on a riverbank the following day, with thirty young pigs around it. He further explains that Aeneas must head for Pallanteum and seek an alliance with the ruler of this land, Evander. The dream ends as the Tiber river tells Aeneas that he will aid him with fair currents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aeneas sets sail the next day on a calm river, on his way to visit Evander. He finds the king in the middle of a celebration honoring Hercules. Aeneas and Evander talk and discover that they are actually distant relatives, and Evander agrees to help Aeneas in the coming war. Evander then goes on to invite the Trojans to the feast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the feast, Evander relates the story of how his people came to celebrate Hercules on a special day. The story goes that there was a half-man half-monster named Cacus who would terrorize and kill the people of this town. One day, Hercules was traveling through this land with his cattle. Cacus then stole some of the cattle and Hercules chased him to his mountain hideaway. Hercules lifted the entire mountain up, found Cacus, and killed him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the night comes, Aeneas and Evander sleep as Venus and Vulcan stay up. Venus uses her powers to seduce Vulcan and convince him to do her a favor. Vulcan went to the Cyclops’ forge on his island to do work for his wife. He employed all the Cyclops to help him in his task of making new armor for Aeneas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the meantime, Aeneas and Evander are preparing for war. They wake early to have a meeting and decide leadership. Evander chooses to put Aeneas in control in accordance with a prophet he received saying: â€Å"No Italian, by right, may rule your assembly. Choose a foreign leader.† Then minutes before the battle, Venus appears and brings the forces under Aeneas weapons.

National Education Essay

National education is a subject that aims to increase the national identity of students and citizens in Hong Kong. There are several steps to help fulfill this subject’s aims. As it is believed to have benefits to the students in studying as well as helping critical thinking. There are some, however, some people see the content of this subject is brain-washing which hinders students to learn the real history of China, so that this subject still remains as the non-core subject in the primary schools or secondary schools. In this essay, both the advantages and disadvantages of national education in Hong Kong will be examined before drawing a conclusion based on the giving evidence. Moral and national education (MNE) is a school curriculum proposed by the Education Bureau of Hong Kong in 2012. Hong Kong government wanted to promote national education in both primary schools and secondary schools. There are several advantages while promoting national education for students. One of the benefits is helping students to increase the national identity. Consultation on Moral and National Education Curriculum (2011) has reported that one of the curriculums aims is to facilitate identity-building through developing affection for the country, this can help increase the national identity to students. Since the promotion of nation to Hong Kong students were not enough in their studying stages in the government thought, therefore the government propose this subject to students as well as the citizens to help them have a more accurate and clear mind of the nation which can help recognize the identity as well as raising students’ recognition and sense of belonging towards their family, society, nation and the world and help them to become responsible family members, citizens and nationals (Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide Primary 1 to Secondary 6 , 2011). As well as increase the national identity, helping students to develop moral qualities and a positive attitude is also the other advantages of promoting national education. In the curriculum of the national education, students could have more time for critical thinking. According to Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide Primary 1 to Secondary 6 (2011)†The curriculum aims cover values and attitudes, knowledge and skills, and focus on:  development of moral qualities, leading a meaning life, growth in knowledge, judging reasonably and being responsible and rational.† This can help students strengthen their moral qualities in preserving Chinese virtues, develop an affection for the country and help students develop positive values and attitudes. What is more, when students having their lesson of this subject, they may learn how to develop a positive and optimistic attitude (Education Bureau of Hong Kong [EBHK], 2002).This can help students having a better manage of their study and help the students to relieve their study pressure. Apart from the above advantages, there are also some disadvantages in promoting national education. According to the curriculum of this subject, some history of China had been cancelled or changed. The â€Å"China Model National Conditions Teaching Manual† which is the model textbook of the National Education was found to be biased towards the Communist of China and the so-called â€Å"China Model† (Oriental Daily, [13 July, 2012]).The teaching manual called the Communist Party an â€Å"advanced, selfless and united ruling group, while denouncing Democratic and Republican Parties of the United States as a â€Å"fierce inter-party rivalry that makes the people suffer†. Mok (2012) points out that the members of Scholar and Civil Alliance against the National Education against the brainwashing national education curriculum before school commences as most of the content were pretended to be brainwashing to both primary and secondary schools students. Parents thought that this may hinder students to learn the truth of their nation and change their minds when they learned. Thus, some of the parents were afraid their children would learn the wrong history and bad manner in this course without gaining any benefits. What is worse, adding one more subject in the core-subjects to the primary and secondary schools students may increase the workload of the students and may increase their study pressures. There are different focuses in this subject for different forms of students. Education Bureau of Hong Kong (EBHK, 2002) mentions the moral and national education covers four Key Stages from P1 to S6 across primary and secondary levels. Each Key Stage comprises five domains including personal, family, social, national and  global, with a view to promote the development of positive values and attitudes as well as identity-building in students. This reveals that students need to learn one more subject in their primary and secondary school lives. This will increase their workload and more study pressure will be released. It is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages in proposing National Education. Proposing National Education can increase the nation identity to students as well as citizens which help them to be responsible national in nations. Furthermore, this can help students to develop moral qualities and a positive attitude. Nevertheless, there are several disadvantages while proposing this subject. The content of this subject has not cover all the truth of China to students and this may brain washing the students and this may increase the workload of the students. Thus, national education still remain the non-core subject in schools. Taking these arguments into consideration, National Education can increase the nation identity to the citizens and help students foster the positive attitude. However, these benefits can only be realized through proper teaching materials, ensuring that the teacher, students and subject are focus on the direct content and not just brainwashing the students. Students today are often have high study pressures they can release their stress when they having appropriate courses in National Education. No matter this subject would be proposed or not, there are both pros and cons to the students. More details of this subject should be consulted and examined by both Hong Kong government and citizens.

Psychology and serial killers essays

Psychology and serial killers essays Psychology deals with many aspects in the world that surrounds us. When discovering the core of Psychology you get to see inside of many things that are of interest to us such as the criminal mind. Even though its very vivid; the mind of a serial killer is very mysterious in the way that so many people would like to read their mind to know whats exactly going on. I find it interesting to find out what makes them tick and finally snap and act in the violent behavior they do. I feel as if scientist could study their brains it would help to see whats really going on in this persons head or if theres nothing wrong with them and its just something they find "exciting." The courts do not allow this though and until then I guess we will never find out. Some people say that you can pick out serial killers by some of their actions from when they were younger. A study(1) involving 36 incarcerated serial killers was tested and they collected a lot of data on childhood behavior traits among serial killers. Out of the 36 men, 28 said they daydreamed a lot, had compulsive masturbation, and were in constant isolation. These are the top three common behaviors. Some of their childhood characteristics are a history of sexual and physical abuse before childhood, in  ½ the serial killers families the biological father had left before the child was 12, as well as delinquent acts such as theft, cruelty to animals, and pyromania. There is also a common stereotype of a serial killer. They are said to be a white male between the age of 25-35 years old, of low or high income, average to high intelligence, and they are usually married with children and a career. Unlike mass murderers, serial killers select their victim. Serial killers enjoy their victims to suffer extensively. They will fantasize about the murder until them fantasying no longer brings pleasure and they carry out the act being...

The History Behind the Invention of the Digital Camera

The History Behind the Invention of the Digital Camera The history of the digital camera dates back to the early 1950s. Digital camera technology is directly related to and evolved from the same technology that recorded  television  images. Digital Photography and the VTR In 1951, the first  video tape recorder  (VTR) captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses (digital) and saving the information onto magnetic tape. Bing Crosby laboratories (the research team funded by Crosby and headed by engineer  John Mullin) created the first early VTR and by 1956, VTR technology was perfected (the VR1000 invented by Charles P. Ginsburg and the Ampex Corporation) and in common use by the television industry. Both television/video cameras and digital cameras use a CCD (Charged Coupled Device) to sense light color and intensity. Digital Photography and Science During the 1960s, NASA converted from using analog to digital signals with their space probes to map the surface of the moon (sending digital images back to earth). Computer technology was also advancing at this time and NASA used computers to enhance the images that the space probes were sending. Digital imaging also had another government use at the time that being spy  satellites. Government use of digital technology helped advance the science of digital imaging, however, the private sector also made significant contributions. Texas Instruments patented a film-less electronic camera in 1972, the first to do so. In August 1981, Sony released the Sony Mavica electronic still camera, the camera which was the first commercial electronic camera. Images were recorded onto a mini disc and then put into a video reader that was connected to a television monitor or color printer. However, the early Mavica cannot be considered a true digital camera even though it started the digital camera revolution. It was a video camera that took video freeze-frames. Kodak Since the mid-1970s, Kodak has invented several solid-state image sensors that converted light to digital pictures for professional and home consumer use. In 1986, Kodak scientists invented the worlds first megapixel sensor, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels that could produce a 5x7-inch digital photo-quality print. In 1987, Kodak released seven products for recording, storing, manipulating, transmitting and printing electronic still video images. In 1990, Kodak developed the Photo CD system and proposed the first worldwide standard for defining color in the digital environment of computers and computer peripherals. In 1991, Kodak released the first professional digital camera system (DCS), aimed at photojournalists. It was a Nikon F-3 camera equipped by Kodak with a 1.3-megapixel sensor. Digital Cameras for Consumers The first digital cameras for the consumer-level market that worked with a home computer via a serial cable were the  Apple QuickTake 100 camera  (February 17 , 1994), the  Kodak DC40  camera (March 28, 1995), the Casio QV-11 (with LCD monitor, late 1995), and Sonys Cyber-Shot Digital Still Camera (1996). However, Kodak entered into an aggressive co-marketing campaign to promote the DC40 and to help introduce the idea of digital photography to the public. Kinkos and Microsoft both collaborated with Kodak to create digital image-making software workstations and kiosks which allowed customers to produce Photo CD Discs and ​photographs and add digital images to documents. IBM collaborated with Kodak in making an internet-based network image exchange. Hewlett-Packard was the first company to make color inkjet printers that complemented the new digital camera images. The marketing worked and today digital cameras are everywhere.

Chapter questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Chapter questions - Essay Example Children who are undernourished are more susceptible to illness that adversely affects their health. Malnutrition also leads to terminal diseases such as â€Å"diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol† in a child’s later stage of life (Skolnik, 167). Similarly, malnutrition increases women’s risks of pregnancy related deaths besides premature births and births of unhealthy children (Skolnik, 167). The parts of the world that experience the worst nutritional problems are Sub Saharan Africa, Mid and North Africa, and South Asia. This is because the regions report the highest cases of deaths, â€Å"underweight† and â€Å"low birth weights† that are related to nutritional problems (Skolnik, 170, 171). The link between nutrition and economic development is the role of nutrition in empowering people towards economic development. Nutrition facilitates cognitive and physiological potentials that determine people’s abilities towards economic development. Poor nutrition however undermines the ability and identifies poor economic development (Skolnik,

Results presentation and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Results presentation and discussion - Essay Example However, the difference in the distance travelled by the 3 phages shows that type IV PILI is needed for infection. PAO1 travelled the greatest distance close to 2.5 cm while CHA (27641) travelled the least distance. In order to determine if the results (distances moved) obtained in the laboratory correlates or relate to what other researchers have found in the past, one sample T-Test was used. The output results below (table 2) show that the p value is less than 0.05. This means that there is a statistically significant difference between the value obtained in the previous researches and the one got in this study. The spot assay was done to establish whether one phage is more infective than another. This is in terms of a broader host range. Basing on the table 2 below, it is observed that Phage 2 and 3 infect closely the same strains of P. aeruginosa. The strains infected by the two are PAO1, PAK, AA2, AA43, AMT0060.1, CHA (27641), IST27N, and AMT0060.3. Phage 4 is different in the strains it infects which could be caused by a difference in its progeny as compared to phages 1 & 2 therefore giving it a disadvantage. The presence of a spot in the spot assay showed that the phage can infect the P. aeruginosastrain by horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, from the results, phage 2 and 3 had a higher infective power. Strains that include IST27MUC NN2 AND AMT0023-30 are resistant to all the three phages. This is mainly due to their genome which makes them resistant to the infection. The source of the strain is also significant in determining its properties and whether it will be infected. The strain s from children are more susceptible to infection compared to that from adults (Burns et al. 2000). According to figure 1 above, it is observed that phage3 has a greater infective power, followed by phage2 and phage 4 has the least infective power. It is also seen that Phage 2 has 53%, phage 3 has 73 % and phage 4 has 33%. Plaque assays

Evaluate the policies that could be used in the UK to meet inflation Essay

Evaluate the policies that could be used in the UK to meet inflation targets - Essay Example The UK, just like the US and Germany, has a growing workforce, and its wages has also been increasing. The Europe’s unemployment rate was 9.8Â  % in March this year while it was 10.4Â  % last year the same time. In Europe, the lowest unemployment rates in March 2015 were Germany (4.7Â  %) while the highest was Greece (25.7Â  %) (Trending Economics 2015). Demand side Inflation happens when there is a surplus of demand for goods and services over the supply; the supply remains constant. Demand pull inflation involves the rise of inflation as gross domestic product increases. At the same time, the unemployment levels will be expected to fall as witnessed in UK (Thirlwall & Barton 2014). The situation is contributed by the increase in the government expenditure and no change in the tax structure. The rise in income of households is a major contributor of demand for goods and services. The increase in the supply of the money in the country leaves more non-reusable income with the people causing the demand for products and services (Miles 2014). A loose monetary policy can cause the increase in money supply. In addition, inflows from other nations because of export will enhance the money supply. In UK, demand-pull inflation may be attributed to increasing disposable of the citizens. As the levels of income of people go up, the demand to buy things also go up (Willett & Laney 2014). When demand goes up, and supply remains stagnant, prices of goods will go up leading to demand pull inflation. The government must make every effort to ensure that there is a balance between demand and supply to eliminate any case of inflation. When there is a surplus in demand, there should be strategies to ensure that the demand is met expeditiously. Inflation is not good for any country hence the need to maintain it at a low level. Cost push inflation emanates from supply side; the rise in the cost of production and a constant demand causes

My Future Essay Example for Free

My Future Essay In the future I see myself studying The Natural Science Program, hopefully with a friend through my years in High School. After school I want to study into becoming a doctor, probably in another country than Sweden, hopefully France, which will be interesting. It will probably take up a lot of my free time but it will be worth it in the end. I will probably study alongside a friend, having him as my roommate which hopefully will make my studies enjoyable. Hopefully I’ll have a beautiful girlfriend while I’m studying to encourage me alongside my mother. I wouldn’t like to get married until I’m like 25 years old, any younger I would consider it kind of weird and I would want to enjoy the bachelor life a while before getting married On my spare time I would go out and meet some French girls and hang out with some friends. I’d like my life to be adventurous and fun, but that would be kind of hard to achieve due to the fact that studying to a doctor would take up a lot of my time. After I have achieved the job as a doctor or if I achieve it I will buy a nice house and a nice car that hopefully will attract girls. ï Å  When or if I become a father I do not want to become the over protective type just because of the fact that I don’t like when my parents behave that way for me, but I will set some boundaries. But of course I also know that it is for my own best, they do it because they love me.

Isaiah Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty Essay -- Politics Political Es

Isaiah Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty In his article "Two Concepts of Liberty", Isaiah Berlin identifies and contrasts the two components of freedom: negative and positive liberty. While the author’s voice is often confused amidst the frequent references to other political philosophies from Platonic to Millian theories, Berlin successfully argues that both of these notions can be misconstrued to the point where liberty itself is sacrificed. Although reasonable, Berlin’s assessment of the two concepts seems artificial and effortlessly simple, as if freedom could be defined according to a rubric; one can, however, agree with his statement that absolute freedom for one individual undoubtedly limit’s the freedom of another. Positive liberty, in the simplest sense, is freedom to, answering the question "Who governs me?"; it is the liberty of self-government. Negative liberty, on the other hand, is freedom from, and answers the question "How far does government interfere with me?"; it is the liberty of limited control by government. According to Berlin, negative liberty is freedom from interference from others; the larger the range of non-interference, the greater one’s negative liberty. As no individual’s actions are committed in a vacuum and will always indirectly affect others, this liberty must be reasonably restricted for the sake of other values, such as equality and justice. As an extension in one’s negative liberty reduces that of another, Berlin states that negative liberty ought to be restricted by law in order for every individual to enjoy it at a minimum. The author reasons that maximum negative liberty could only be feasible in a utopia where all individuals are wholly rational, and where the wishes of all su... ... same. Unfortunately the author never presents a wholly sound distinction between negative and positive liberty, as each negative liberty can logically render itself a positive one. Berlin’s final arguments suggest pluralism, highlighting that there is no single compatible goal or ideal uniform to all individuals; Berlin is clear that a strict minimum of negative liberty is necessary. His estimations of such implications of liberty are both logical and convincing: that an intrusion on the rights of others will always occur in the case of one’s heightened liberty, and that any endeavour to broaden one’s liberty would require the restructuring of the definition of freedom itself. Liberty, according to Berlin, is not committed to democracy; thus, just as authority must be limited for liberty to subsist, so must liberty be restrained for it to be of any significance.